This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

Sodium hydroxide is added to a cylinder of aluminum nitrate, precipitating out aluminum hydroxide. When additional base is added, the precipitate dissolves. The reactions can then be reversed with the ...

Lithium is a critical mineral used in batteries for electric vehicles, grid storage, and a host of personal electronics. It ...

Students will be able to explain that if two substances cause turn a pH indicator different colors, they must be different substances. Students will be able to explain that the color that a substance ...