The Forward-Forward algorithm (FF) is comparable in speed to backpropagation but has the advantage that it can be used when the precise details of the forward computation are unknown.

Backpropagation is not limited to function derivatives. Any algorithm that effectively takes the loss function and applies gradual, positive changes back through the network is valid.

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Backpropagation learning algorithm Bayesian Learning (1.5) Bayes theorem Bayes optimal classifier Bayesian networks Instance-based learning (1.5) K-nearest neighbor classifier Case-based reasoning ...

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