1. Landscape heterogeneity represents two aspects of landscape simplification: (i) compositional heterogeneity (diversity of habitat types); and (ii) configurational heterogeneity (number, size and ...

When I was a boy, my grandfather liked to tell me of his youth in turn-of-the-century New York City, when ice was delivered in horse-drawn wagons by men wielding large iron tongs. In the early days of ...