Thin films form the basis of many industries today, including semiconductors, electric vehicles, smart optical coatings, sophisticated medical equipment, and protective layers on high-temperature ...

Measurement uncertainty is a critical parameter that reflects the degree of confidence in the results provided by analytical and clinical laboratories. It encompasses the evaluation of both random ...

The modulation transfer function (MTF) is a critical metric for assessing the performance of optical imaging systems, providing a quantitative measure of how effectively these systems transfer ...

Pain shapes survival, behavior, and welfare across species, yet many key questions about how pain starts, persists, and ...