Kidney stones afflict approximately one in nine individuals, causing intense pain and serious infections. With over 1.3 million emergency room visits and healthcare expenditures exceeding $5 billion ...

When evaluating stone factors, location is the first consideration in developing treatment strategies for urinary calculi. Calyceal calculi. The renal calyces are the most common location for ...

Obesity represents an increasing burden to health care resources. Nephrolithiasis is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes and the consumption of diets rich in protein, fat and carbohydrates; ...