A team of researchers at the Max Born Institute have managed to fully characterize few-femtosecond-long light pulses tunable ...

The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was observed for the first time. As the interactions between atoms are governed by the valence electrons ...

Valence electrons, located in the outermost shell of an atom, play an important role in driving chemical reactions and forming bonds with other atoms. Subscribe to our newsletter for the latest ...

A group of researchers from Ehime University investigated valence electron configurations using light, expanding on prior studies of superconductors and quantum spin liquids. The findings were ...

Figure 1: Valence states of the triangular and tetrahedral elementary blocks. Note that the duet rule elucidated here is akin to the textbook octet rule, a well-known and the first chemical rule of ...