The problem of estimating the variance of the ratio estimator in sampling with probability proportional to aggregate size is investigated. The form of nonnegative unbiased variance estimators is found ...

Explain why probability is important to statistics and data science. See the relationship between conditional and independent events in a statistical experiment. Calculate the expectation and variance ...

Financial institutions have to add a margin of conservatism of type C (MoC C) to their estimates of probability of default in order to account for the statistical uncertainty involved. European ...