Mr. Netanyahu and the Biden administration clashed over the transfer of heavy weapons as the former president withheld shipments of 1,800 2,000-pound bombs and 1,700 500-pound bombs in May last year over Israel’s planned offensive in Rafah, Gaza’s southernmost city.

A deadline to begin talks on extending Gaza’s ceasefire arrived Monday with the Israeli prime minister in Washington, silence from his office about when a negotiating team might engage with Hamas, and considerable uncertainty about what the next stage of the fragile truce will look like.