Mo is the control output initial value. It is also the value transferred if switching from manual to autoloop control. A PI example Applying this PID equation to a temperature control example shows ...

PID control loops are widely utilized in many aspects of everyday life and industrial automation, including gyroscopes in self-navigating cars and smartphones, flow controllers in pipes, ovens that ...

PID loops are a central component of modulating boiler control systems with applications ranging from basic steam header pressure control to cascading 3-element drum level control. A modern ...

The mid-1960s direct digital control (DDC) used mainframe computers (sometimes redundant) to implement a PID control velocity algorithm, for example, for nuclear reactor rod control.

While a line-following robot may not be the newest project idea in the book, this one from [Edison Science] is a clean build using modern components and gets a good speed thanks to PID control ...