In causal inference, confounding is a form of systematic error (or bias) that can distort estimates of causal effects in observational studies.

The meaning of CONFOUND is to throw (a person) into confusion or perplexity. How to use confound in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Confound.

CONFOUNDING definition: perplexing or bewildering. See examples of confounding used in a sentence.

CONFOUNDING definition: 1. present participle of confound 2. to confuse and very much surprise someone, so that they are…. Learn more.

Jun 9, 2021 · This tutorial provides an explanation of confounding variables, including a formal definition and several examples.

To cause to become confused or perplexed. See Synonyms at perplex. 2. To fail to distinguish; mix up:...

Feb 12, 2026 · confounding Add to list Other forms: confoundingly Definitions of confounding adjective that confounds or contradicts or confuses synonyms: contradictory

During confounding analyses, this value is referred to as the crude or unadjusted measure of association—meaning that we have not yet accounted, adjusted, or controlled for any confounders.

Jan 2, 2025 · Adjective confounding (comparative more confounding, superlative most confounding) Confusing, bewildering, baffling or perplexing.

Investors were confounded by the conflicting reports. The school's team confounded all predictions and won the game. The success of the show confounded critics. Confound it! I can't find my keys!