VOLCANO FORMATION (Volcanology) INTRODUCTION Volcanology is the scientific study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena. A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock (magma), gases, and ash escape from beneath the surface. FORMATION OF VOLCANOES 1. HEAT AND PRESSURE IN THE MANTLE: Deep within the Earth, high temperatures and pressures cause rocks to melt, forming magma in the mantle. 2. MAGMA MOVEMENT: Because magma is less dense than the surroundin

VOLCANO TYPES: ​1️⃣ Stratovolcano (Composite) ​Shape: Tall, steep, symmetrical cone. ​Eruption: Explosive! (Due to viscous/sticky magma). ​Structure: Alternating layers of lava and ash. ​Example: Mt. Mayon 🇵🇭 ​2️⃣ Shield Volcano ​Shape: Broad, wide, and gently sloping (like a shield on the ground). ​Eruption: Quiet/Effusive (Fluid basaltic lava). ​Structure: Built by many layers of runny lava flows. ​Example: Mauna Loa (Hawaii) 🌺 ​3️⃣ Cinder Cone ​Shape: Small, steep conical hill. ​Eruption:

Mount Sinabung eruption 🌋 This violent eruption spewed ash up to 7500 meters into the air. Villages were coasted in ash, and residents were given facemaks by the government and advised to stay indoors to avoid breathing in dangerous particles. Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were caused by the eruption. Mount Sinabung is a Pleistocene-to-Holocene stratovolcano of andesite and dacite in the Karo plateau of Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 40 kilometres from the Lake Toba supervolcan